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More Important Than Life: The Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto | exhibition
From June 29, 2023, to January 7, 2024, the National Socialism Documentation Center in Munich will host the exhibition "More Important Than Life: The Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto", organized in cooperation with the Jewish Historical Institute.
September 1939: ‘Something broke in the entire world’
‘I could not grasp the immensity of our misery’. The beginning of the great deportation from the Warsaw ghetto
June 26, 1942. BBC informs about the extermination of Polish Jews
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Bread has a golden color. Salomea Ostrowska
We can gather information about Salomea Ostrowska only indirectly, by studying her writings for Oneg Shabbat. Thanks to her work at the Quarantine Service at 109/111 Leszno street, she could have delivered a description of the institution’s functioning to the Ringelblum Archive. On the basis of 18 conversations with former inmates of the Pomiechówek camp for displaced persons, she wrote an essay – „Pomiechówek, the death camp”. Her date and place of death remain unknown.
He couldn’t bear the tragedy of the Ghetto. Szmuel Bresław
Szmul (Szmuel) Bresław was a Hashomer Hatzair activist, as well as a contributor and an editor of nearly all periodicals published by this organization in the Warsaw Ghetto. In 1942, he was invited by Emanuel Ringelblum to cooperate with Oneg Shabbat. A large collection of bulletins from radio monitoring was preserved in the Archive. He has also contributed a few of his own writings, such as an interview with Irena Adamowicz about Polish-Jewish relations, Henryk Gotland’s biography, a study – „The housing officer” and one report, „The disinfection column”. He was killed on 3 September 1942, after he wielded a knife against an armed German.
A stone thrown under the wheel of history. Gustawa Jarecka
Gustawa Jarecka was a writer and a teacher. In the ghetto, she was working as a telephone assistant and typist at the Jewish Council, which allowed her to pass copies of Judenrat’s documents to the Ringelblum Archive (for example a transcript of the meeting on 22 July, during which Hermann Höfle dictated the German orders regarding the Great Deportation). She is assumed to have written The last stage of resettlement is death, a harrowing reportage about deportations from the ghetto, written in September 1942. She was independently bringing up two sons, Marek and Karol. Jarecka died together with her children in the train to Treblinka in January 1943, probably due to lack of access to air.
Izrael Winnik
There are several regular associates of Oneg Shabbat who we have little information about. Izrael Winnik is one of them. There is only one typescript signed with his name in the Archive. We don’t know whether it was Winnik behind unrecognized manuscripts, or whether his works didn’t survive at all.
Monday, August 3, 4 p.m. "We'll be burying the last part in a moment"
On 3 August 1942 two students of the Ber Borochovv school at 68 Nowolipki street – Dawid Graber and Nachum Grzywacz, along with their teacher Izrael Lichtensztajn, hid the last section of the first part of the Ringelblum Archive. Ten boxes with documents, as well as their own testaments and accounts, were buried in the basement of the school.
The winners of life. Cecylia Słapakowa
The lives of Jewish women in the ghetto were documented by Cecylia Słapakowa. She was a Vilnius-born translator, founder of the Warsaw literary salon, who in 1942 carried out 17 interviews with Jewish women from various social backgrounds and professions. This priceless source for research on daily life in the Warsaw Ghetto shows a shift in the social role of women during the war, but above all, it praises their versatility, courage and sacrifice.
Hersz Wasser – the Oneg Shabbat’s Secretary
Hersz Wasser was Emanuel Ringelblum’s closest collaborator, the heir of the Oneg Shabbat after the war. He handled the organization’s everyday affairs, obtaining and cataloguing documents, recruiting and keeping a record of employees, purchasing stationery and managing the finances. As one of three surviving members of the Oneg Shabbat, he was the only one who knew where the Archive was hidden, which made it possible to find the first cache in 1946.
Jechiel (Chil) Górny
In Oneg Shabbat, he was responsible for cataloguing materials and copying documents – together with Hersz Wasser, Bluma Wasser and Eliasz Gutkowski. He was writing down and editing first-hand accounts. His diary provides a priceless record of the Great Deportation and the battles of January 1943. During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, he was a member of Hersz Berliński’s combat unit. He died in the sewers, trying to escape the burning ghetto.
Poems I was reading to the dead. Władysław Szlengel
On 8 May 1943, Władysław Szlengel, a Polish poet of Jewish origin, author of cabaret lyrics and songs, was shot. The first part of the Ringelblum Archive contains several satirical poems written by Szlengel before the Great Deportation. The second part of the Archive includes the poems, such as ’A small station called Treblinka’, ’Passport’, ’Five minutes to midnight’ and ’Telephone’.
Where was the world when the Jews were going to their death? Szmuel Winter
Entrepreneur, philanthropist, enthusiast of Jewish folklore and language, Szmuel (Shmuel) Winter supported financially the activity of the Oneg Shabbat group – from his own money and from the finances of the Supply Department, where he worked. According to the Oneg Shabbat cash book, more than half of the means managed by Ringelblum’s group was donated by Winter.
77th anniversary of Menachem Linder’s death
A talented scholar, dedicated with his entire heart and soul to the development of Jewish culture, founder of YIKOR, the Jewish Cultural Organization. Ringelblum, whose Linder was one of the closest associates, wrote about him: ’he wasn’t preoccupied with science for science itself. As a devoted Socialist, he applied science to his work towards everyday social aid’.
March 1942. First Oneg Shabbat bulletins
Between March/April 1942 and July the same year, the Oneg Shabbat group published fifteen bulletins for the Jewish and Polish underground press. The first bulletin, dated 27 March 1942, informs about deportation of Jews from the ghetto in Lublin, Izbica Lubelska, Rawa Ruska, Biłgoraj and Lviv to the Bełżec death camp.
This is probably the last letter I’m writing to you...
In January 1942, Szlama Ber Winer managed to escape from the extermination camp in Chełmno nad Nerem (Kulmhof an der Nehr). He safely reached the Warsaw Ghetto, where he received help from members of the Oneg Shabbat group – Hersz Wasser and his wife Bluma, who in February 1942 wrote down Szlama’s detailed testimony of mass extermination of people in gas vans in Chelmno. His testimony had become the basis of Oneg Shabbat’s report, „The events in Chelmno” (25 March 1942), sent to the Polish gover
68th anniversary of discovering the second part of the Ringelblum Archive
On 1 December 1950, in the area of the Muranów C housing estate, at 68 Nowolipki street, diggers and bulldozers of the State Workers’ Estates Construction Enterprise were preparing the area for a new building. Suddenly, they came across two milk cans, which contained a treasure hidden in February 1943 – the second part of the Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto.
Who will write our history?
Roberta Grossman’s film premiered on 21 July at the San Francisco Jewish Film Festival, where it received the Audience Award. This year, it will be screened in Poland – on 12 November, it will open the Warsaw Jewish Film Festival. The Jewish Historical Institute is one of the film’s partners.
The movie „Who will write our history” will open the 16th Warsaw Jewish Film Festiwal
The script for the film directed by Roberta Grossman was based on a book by American historian Samuel D. Kassow, dedicated to the Oneg Shabbat group and the Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto.
We must rescue the Ringelblum Archive!
„Remember! A national treasure is buried in the ruins. The Ringelblum Archive is there. Even if the ruins reach five storeys high, we must find the Archive”, called Rachela Auerbach during the commemoration of the third anniversary of the Ghetto Uprising. Thanks to the determination of people aware of the significance of documents hidden in the Borochov school, the first part of the Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto was unearthed on 18 September 1946. Seventy one years later, on 18 Septem
A man escaped from Treblinka... The story of Jakub Krzepicki
On 13 September 1942, Abraham (Jakub) Krzepicki escaped from the Treblinka II extermination camp. His account was written down by Rachela Auerbach and hidden in the second part of the Ringelblum Archive. It begins with words: „The phenomenon of Treblinka is difficult to describe, but also even to understand. It’s hard even to begin. I feel a lump in my throat...”
Szymon Huberband, rabbi and historian
On August 18, 1942, Huberband and his second wife were taken to the Umschlagplatz, whence he was sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. Menachem Mendel Kohn remembered that only two hours earlier he had talked to him about his future texts for the Oneg Shabbat.
110th anniversary of Henryka Łazowertówna’s birth
Poet, writer and translator. After the outbreak World War II, she became involved in social work, including on behalf of the charity organization CENTOS and the Jewish Social Self-Help, for which she prepared publicity materials. For the Oneg Shabbat, she wrote the history of the ghetto’s poorest and most precarious inhabitants, a story of individual Jewish families’ struggle to survive. Murdered in Treblinka during the Great Deportation. Not wanting to leave her mother, she refused to leave the Umschlagplatz when offered the opportunity.
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